An Overview of Level of Consciousness (LOC)

"Level of consciousness" (LOC) is a medical term used to describe how awake, alert, and aware you are. It also refers to how well you respond to attempts to get your attention. A person with an altered level of consciousness may have decreased cognitive function or be difficult to arouse.

A variety of medical conditions and drugs can affect your level of consciousness, from having dementia or lethargy to being in a coma. Sometimes impaired consciousness is reversible, while other times it is not.

This article covers normal and altered states of consciousness as well as coma classifications.

What Is Consciousness?

Medical definitions say a normal LOC means you're either awake or can be readily awakened from normal sleep. Terms include:

• Consciousness: A state in which you're awake, aware, alert, and responsive to stimuli
• Unconsciousness: A state in which you have a deficit in awareness and responsiveness to stimuli (touch, light, sound)

Sleeping isn't considered unconsciousness if waking up would result in normal consciousness.

Between these two extremes are several altered levels of consciousness. They range from confusion to coma, each with its own definition.

Altered Level of Consciousness

Altered or abnormal levels of consciousness are states in which you either have decreased cognitive function or can't be easily aroused.

Most medical conditions affect the brain and impair consciousness when they become serious or life-threatening. An altered LOC usually signals a serious medical problem.

Often, an altered LOC can deteriorate rapidly from one stage to the next. They require timely diagnosis and prompt treatment.

Confusion

"Confusion" describes disorientation that makes it difficult to:

• Reason
• Provide a medical history
• Participate in a medical examination

Causes include:

• Sleep deprivation
• Fever
• Medications
• Alcohol intoxication
• Recreational drug use
• Postictal state (recovering from a seizure)

Delirium

"Delirium" is a term for an acute confused state. It involves impaired cognition (thought processes) and may include:

• Attention deficits
• Sleep-wake cycle changes
• Hyperactivity (agitation) or hypoactivity (apathy)
• Hallucinations (seeing things that are not there) or delusions (false beliefs)
• Heart rate and blood pressure instability

Causes can include:

• Alcohol withdrawal
• Recreational drugs
• Medications
• Illness
• Organ failure
• Severe infections

Lethargy and Somnolence

Lethargy and somnolence (sleepiness) involve:

• Severe drowsiness
• Listlessness
• Apathy
• Reduced alertness

A lethargic person may need a gentle touch or verbal stimulation before they'll respond. Causes can include severe illnesses or infections, recreational drugs, and organ failure.

Obtundation

Obtundation is reduced alertness with:

• Slow responses to stimuli
• Needing repeated stimulation to maintain attention
• Prolonged periods of sleep
• Drowsiness between these periods

Causes can include:

• Poisoning
• Stroke
• Brain edema (swelling)
• Sepsis (a blood infection)
• Advanced organ failure

Stupor

If you're in a stupor, you respond minimally to vigorous stimulation, such as a pinched toe or light in the eyes.

Causes can include:

• Stroke
• Drug overdose
• Lack of oxygen
• Brain edema
• Myocardial infarction (heart attack)

Coma

Someone in a coma doesn't respond to any stimuli. Their pupils may not react to light, and they may not have a gag reflex.

Comas are caused by severely diminished brain function. This is usually due to:

• Extreme blood loss
• Organ failure
• Brain damage

The causes of these altered LOC may overlap. For example, the early stages of brain edema or organ failure can cause confusion. But you can then advance rapidly through the stages of lethargy, obtundation, stupor, and coma.

Measuring Levels of Consciousness

Levels of consciousness can be subdivided into levels that further clarify your degree of unresponsiveness. That helps improve communication among healthcare providers and aids in research.

Several systems have been developed to standardize these classifications. The most common classification systems are:

• Grady Coma Scale: Grades a coma from I to V. It's based on your state of awareness and response to stimuli (your name being called, light pain, deep pain). Grade I indicates confusion, while V indicates coma (no response to stimuli).
• Glasgow Coma Scale: Scores the level of consciousness from 1 to 15, with 15 being normal LOC. This scale takes into account verbal, motor, and eye responses to stimuli.

Summary

Levels of consciousness range from normal alertness and attention to many altered states. It starts with confusion and delirium to stupor and coma.

The same conditions may cause a milder state of altered LOC that can cause more severe states. Sometimes, you may start with a mild state and rapidly progress through to a higher stage.

Coma scales can help describe the exact level of consciousness.